Computes the confidence interval associated with the difference of means between two groups using a specified method.

Namespace: Imsl.Stat
Assembly: ImslCS (in ImslCS.dll) Version: 6.5.0.0

Syntax

C#
public virtual double[] GetConfidenceInterval( double conLevel, int i, int j, ANOVA..::.ComputeOption compMethod )

Visual Basic (Declaration)
Public Overridable Function GetConfidenceInterval ( _ conLevel As Double, _ i As Integer, _ j As Integer, _ compMethod As ANOVA..::.ComputeOption _ ) As Double()

Visual C++
public: virtual array<double>^ GetConfidenceInterval( double conLevel, int i, int j, ANOVA..::.ComputeOption compMethod )

Parameters

conLevel: Type: System..::.Double
A double specifying the confidence level for simultaneous interval estimation. If the Tukey method for computing the confidence intervals on the pairwise difference of means is to be used, conLevel must be in the range [90.0, 99.0]. Otherwise, conLevel must be in the range
[0.0, 100.0). One normally sets this value to 95.0.

i: Type: System..::.Int32
An int indicating the i-th member of the pair difference, $\mu_i-\mu_j$ . i must be a valid group index.

j: Type: System..::.Int32
An int indicating the j-th member of the pair difference, $\mu_i-\mu_j$ . j must be a valid group index.

compMethod

Type: Imsl.Stat..::.ANOVA..::.ComputeOption
An ANOVA.ComputeOption. compMethod must be one of the following:

compMethod	Description
Tukey	Uses the Tukey method. This method is valid for balanced one-way designs.
TukeyKramer	Uses the Tukey-Kramer method. This method simplifies to the Tukey method for the balanced case.
DunnSidak	Uses the Dunn-Sidak method.
Bonferroni	Uses the Bonferroni method.
Scheffe	Uses the Scheffe method.
OneAtATime	Uses the One-at-a-Time (Fisher's LSD) method.

Return Value

A double array containing the group numbers, difference of means, and lower and upper confidence limits.

Array Element	Description
0	Group number for the i-th mean.
1	Group number for the j-th mean.
2	Difference of means (i-th mean) - (j-th mean).
3	Lower confidence limit for the difference.
4	Upper confidence limit for the difference.

Remarks

GetConfidenceInterval computes the simultaneous confidence interval on the pairwise comparison of means ${\mu}_i$ and ${\mu}_j$ in the one-way analysis of variance model. Any of several methods can be chosen. A good review of these methods is given by Stoline (1981). Also the methods are discussed in many elementary statistics texts, e.g., Kirk (1982, pages 114-127). Let be the estimated variance of a single observation. Let $\nu$ be the degrees of freedom associated with . Let

$\alpha=1-\frac{conLevel}{100.0}$

The methods are summarized as follows:

Tukey method: The Tukey method gives the narrowest simultaneous confidence intervals for the pairwise differences of means ${\mu}_i-{\mu}_j$ in balanced $\left({n_1=n_2=\ldots= n_k=n}\right)$ one-way designs. The method is exact and uses the Studentized range distribution. The formula for the difference ${\mu}_i - {\mu}_j$ is given by

$\bar y_i-\bar y_j\pm q_{1-\alpha;k,v} \sqrt{\frac{s^2}{n}}$

where $q_{1-a,k,v}$ is the $(1-\alpha)100$ percentage point of the Studentized range distribution with parameters and $\nu$ . If the group sizes are unequal, the Tukey-Kramer method is used instead.

Tukey-Kramer method: The Tukey-Kramer method is an approximate extension of the Tukey method for the unbalanced case. (The method simplifies to the Tukey method for the balanced case.) The method always produces confidence intervals narrower than the Dunn-Sidak and Bonferroni methods. Hayter (1984) proved that the method is conservative, i.e., the method guarantees a confidence coverage of at least $\left({1- \alpha}\right)100\%$ . Hayter's proof gave further support to earlier recommendations for its use (Stoline 1981). (Methods that are currently better are restricted to special cases and only offer improvement in severely unbalanced cases, see, e.g., Spurrier and Isham 1985). The formula for the difference ${\mu}_i-{\mu}_j$ is given by the following:

$\bar{y}_i-\bar{y}_j\pm{q_{1-\alpha;v,k}\sqrt{ \frac{s^2}{2n_i}+\frac{s^2}{2n_j}}}$

Dunn-Sidak method: The Dunn-Sidak method is a conservative method. The method gives wider intervals than the Tukey-Kramer method. (For large $\nu$ and small $\alpha$ and k, the difference is only slight.) The method is slightly better than the Bonferroni method and is based on an improved Bonferroni (multiplicative) inequality (Miller, pages 101, 254-255). The method uses the t distribution. The formula for the difference ${\mu}_i-{\mu}_j$ is given by

$\bar{y}_i-\bar{y}_j\pm{t_{\frac{1}{2}+ \frac{1}{2}\left({1-\alpha}\right)^{1/k^*};v}\sqrt{\frac{s^2}{n_i}+ \frac{s^2 }{n_j}}}$

where $t_{f;\nu}$ is the 100f percentage point of the t distribution with $\nu$ degrees of freedom.

Bonferroni method: The Bonferroni method is a conservative method based on the Bonferroni (additive) inequality (Miller, page 8). The method uses the t distribution. The formula for the difference ${\mu}_i-{\mu}_j$ is given by

$\bar{y}_i-\bar{y}_j\pm{t_{1-\frac{\alpha}{2k^*} ;v}\sqrt{\frac{s^2}{n_i}+\frac{s^2}{n_j}}}$

Scheffè method: The Scheffè; method is an overly conservative method for simultaneous confidence intervals on pairwise difference of means. The method is applicable for simultaneous confidence intervals on all contrasts, i.e., all linear combinations

$\sum\limits_{i=1}^k{c_i\mu_i}$

where the following is true:

$\sum\limits_{i = 1}^k{c_i=0}$

The method can be recommended here only if a large number of confidence intervals on contrasts in addition to the pairwise differences of means are to be constructed. The method uses the F distribution. The formula for the difference ${\mu}_i-{\mu}_j$ is given by

$\bar{y}_i-\bar{y}_j\pm{\sqrt{\left({k-1}\right) F_{1-\alpha;k-1,v}\left(\frac{s^2}{n_i}+\frac{s^2}{n_j}\right)}}$

where $F_{1-a;\left({k-1}\right),\nu}$ is the $\left({1-\alpha}\right)100$ percentage point of the F distribution with and $\nu$ degrees of freedom.

One-at-a-time t method (Fisher's LSD): The one-at-a-time t method is the method appropriate for constructing a single confidence interval. The confidence percentage input is appropriate for one interval at a time. The method has been used widely in conjunction with the overall test of the null hypothesis ${\mu}_1={\mu}_2= \ldots={\mu}_k$ by the use of the F statistic. Fisher's LSD (least significant difference) test is a two-stage test that proceeds to make pairwise comparisons of means only if the overall F test is significant. Milliken and Johnson (1984, page 31) recommend LSD comparisons after a significant F only if the number of comparisons is small and the comparisons were planned prior to the analysis. If many unplanned comparisons are made, they recommend Scheffe's method. If the F test is insignificant, a few planned comparisons for differences in means can still be performed by using either Tukey, Tukey-Kramer, Dunn-Sidak or Bonferroni methods. Because the F test is insignificant, Scheffe's method will not yield any significant differences. The formula for the difference ${\mu}_i-{\mu}_j$ is given by

$\bar{y}_i-\bar{y}_j\pm{t_{1-\frac{\alpha}{2};v} \sqrt{\frac{s^2}{n_i}+\frac{s^2}{n_j}}}$

Syntax

Parameters

Return Value

Remarks

See Also